The late medieval Church; popular piety in the late medieval world; pre-Reformation patterns of heresy and reform; Christian Humanism; Martin Luther, a Wittenberg theologian; preaching, propaganda and cultures of persuasion; political responses to Luther in the Holy Roman Empire; Huldrych Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich; iconoclastic fury and the populus unleashed; the early Reformation in the cities; the Radical Reformation; the German Peasants' War; Apocalypse Now: Anabaptist Münster and the New Jerusalem; the Magisterial Reformation; Calvin's Geneva and the Second Reformation; International Calvinism; Catholic Reform; the Counter-Reformation and the Council of Trent; political conflict and settlements in the Holy Roman Empire; confessionalization and social discipline; religious exiles and refugees; the Reformation and the family; female religious congregations and the Reformation; the Reformation and education.