Introduce a simple microprocessor architecture - Registers, buses and memory organisation and how it is used in embedded applications. Describe memory and I/O devices. Explain memory and I/O accesses. Introduce instruction sets, addressing modes, data move instructions, arithmetic instruction, stack operation and usage, program flow control instructions, sub routines and loops. Detail assembler directives and the program translation process. Review the build and load process for embedded application programs. Introduce simulation tools and debugging techniques Introduce the monitor program and how to use it to test applications using target hardware. Describe how to control/communicate with I/O devices through polling and interrupts. Interrupt service routines, interrupt priority, multiple interrupts, nesting. Use practical programming examples to illustrate concepts.