Design philosophy of structures; Basic requirements for limit state structural design, including structural resistance, serviceability and durability; Permanent, variable and accidental actions on structures; Design of simple reinforced concrete slabs, beams and short columns; Classification of structural steel members. Design of simple steel beams and short columns Calculation of deflection for beams of various materials and pin-jointed frames using unit load method. Use of influence lines on beams. Analysis of frames using moment distribution method. Bending moment envelop of a simple continuous beam.