The Basic Microprocessor: Processor Architecture and programming in machine code. Programmer's model, data formats. Program instruction cycle. Instruction sets: Addressing modes: register, immediate, direct, indirect, relative. Program control flow instructions. Stacks, local variables and subroutines. Exception handling. I/O programming: Simple handshaking concepts. Software polling. Interrupts: Basic interrupt processing concepts. Interrupt service routines (ISRs). Interrupt hardware ­priority encoders, interrupt vectoring. Programmable interrupt controller. C programming as a programming language for embedded systems: Pointers in C. Macros. Linking and sub­programs. Inline assembly programming in C. Memory: Addressing concepts. ROM, RAM memory. Volatility. DRAMs, multiplexed addressing Serial data: Asynchronous and synchronous transfers. RS232, SPI