- 1st Law of Thermodynamics; Enthalpy - Entropy; 2nd and 3rd Laws of Thermodynamics; Clausius Inequality - Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies - Chemical Potential; Fundamental Equation of Chemical Thermodynamics - Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Phase Diagrams; Phase Stability and Phase Transitions; The Physics of Liquid Surface - Simple Mixtures: Gibbs-Duhem equation; RaoultÆs and HenryÆs Laws - Phase Diagrams: Phase Rule; Two-Component Systems - Equilibrium Electrochemistry: Thermodynamic Properties of Ions in Solution; Electrochemical Cells; Nernst Equation